Covert underwater acoustic communication based on reproduced small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) sounds

Beomsik Kim; Jongwook Choi; Dong-Gyun Han; Sungwon Shin; Jee Woong Choi

doi:10.7776/ASK.2026.45.5.459

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2026 Vol.45, Issue 5 Next Page

Covert underwater acoustic communication based on reproduced small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) sounds 재현된 참조기 소리 기반 수중 은밀통신

30 September 2026. pp. 459-469

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Abstract

Biomimetic covert underwater acoustic communication has been continuously investigated as an approach to reduce the detectability of underwater communication signals by camouflaging them as marine biological sounds. In this study, small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) sounds were reproduced based on their measured acoustic characteristics, and a Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) based communication scheme was applied using the variability of the inter-pulse intervals. Representative pulses from each sound were reproduced using wavelet synthesis and pulse trains were constructed according to the measured inter-pulse intervals. The reproduced pulses achieved an average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.96 ± 0.01 with the measured pulses, while the normalized two dimensional cross correlation coefficient between the spectrograms of the measured and reproduced sounds was 0.85 ± 0.06 on average. Communication performance was evaluated for 2-PPM, 4-PPM, and 8-PPM through BELLHOP based simulations and a sea experiment. In the sea experiment, the bit error rates for 2-PPM, 4-PPM, and 8-PPM were 0, 0.0571, and 0.0003, respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of biomimetic covert underwater acoustic communication using the temporal characteristics of reproduced small yellow croaker vocalizations.

Keywords

Marine biological sound reproduction

Small yellow croaker

Covert underwater acoustic communication

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

수중 음향통신에서 통신 신호의 탐지 가능성을 낮추기 위한 방법으로 해양생물음을 이용한 생체모방 수중 은밀통신 기법이 지속적으로 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 참조기(Larimichthys polyactis) 소리의 음향학적 특성을 기반으로 소리를 재현하고, 펄스 간 간격의 변동성을 이용한 펄스 위치 변조(Pulse Position Modulation, PPM) 기법을 적용하였다. 참조기 소리를 재현하기 위해 각 소리별 대표 펄스를 웨이블렛 합성을 기반으로 재현하였으며, 재현된 펄스를 측정된 펄스 간 간격에 따라 배치하여 참조기 소리를 재현하였다. 측정된 펄스와 재현한 펄스 간의 피어슨 상관계수는 평균 0.96 ± 0.01로 나타났으며, 스펙트로그램에 대한 정규화된 2차원 상호상관계수는 평균 0.85 ± 0.06으로 나타났다. 재현된 참조기 펄스에 2-PPM, 4-PPM, 8-PPM을 적용하고, BELLHOP 기반 시뮬레이션과 실해역 실험을 통해 통신 성능을 평가하였다. 실해역 실험에서 2-PPM, 4-PPM, 8-PPM의 비트 오류율은 각각 0, 0.0571, 0.0003으로 나타났으며, 이를 통해 재현된 참조기 소리의 시간적 특성을 이용한 정보 전송 및 복원이 실제 수중 환경에서도 가능함을 확인하였다.

키워드

해양생물음 재현

참조기

수중 은밀통신

펄스 위치 변조(Pulse Position Modulation, PPM)

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Information

Publisher :The Acoustical Society of Korea
Publisher(Ko) :한국음향학회
Journal Title :The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
Journal Title(Ko) :한국음향학회지
Volume : 45
No :5
Pages :459-469
Received Date : 2026-08-19
Revised Date : 2026-08-26
Accepted Date : 2026-09-02
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7776/ASK.2026.45.5.459

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of KoreaISSN:1225-4428(Print) 2287-3775(Online)한국음향학회

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